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- THE BIG PICTURE OF BIOLOGY
- BIG IDEA 1: EVOLUTION
- 1A: Evolution - Change in Genetic Makeup
- 1B: Evolution by Common Descent
- 1C: Life Continues to Evolve
- 1D: Theories of the History of Life
- BIG IDEA 2: ORGANISMS USE ENERGY AND MOLECULES TO GROW, REPRODUCE, AND MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
- 2A: PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, AND ENERGY
- 2B: CELL HOMEOSTASIS - CELL MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- 2.C: HOMEOSTASIS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- 2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
- 2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination.
- BIG IDEA 3: LIVING SYSTEMS STORE, RETRIEVE, TRANSMIT, AND RESPOND TO INFORMATION
- 3.A: DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
- 3.B: GENE REGULATION - TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
- 3C: GENETIC MUTATIONS AND VIRUSES
- 3D: CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
- 3E: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
- BIG IDEA 4: BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS INTERACT IN COMPLEX WAYS
- 4A: BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY
- 4.B: Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems.
- 4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment.
- RESULTS AND RESOURCES
- AP BIO LABS: BIG IDEA 1 - EVOLUTION
- AP BIO LABS: BIG IDEA 2 -
- AP BIO LABS: BIG IDEA 3
- AP BIO LABS: BIG IDEA 4
Essential knowledge 3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization
Both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Regulatory sequences are stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Promoters
• Terminators
• Enhancers
2. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA.
b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. The expression of specific genes can be turned on by the presence of an inducer.
2. The expression of specific genes can be inhibited by the presence of a repressor.
3. Inducers and repressors are small molecules that interact with regulatory proteins and/or regulatory sequences.
4. Regulatory proteins inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and blocking transcription (negative control).
5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.
6. Certain genes are continuously expressed; that is, they are always turned “on,” e.g., the ribosomal genes.
c. In eukaryotes, gene expression is complex and control involves regulatory genes, regulatory elements and transcription factors that act in concert.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
d. Gene regulation accounts for some of the phenotypic differences between organisms with similar genes.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Regulatory sequences are stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Promoters
• Terminators
• Enhancers
2. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA.
b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. The expression of specific genes can be turned on by the presence of an inducer.
2. The expression of specific genes can be inhibited by the presence of a repressor.
3. Inducers and repressors are small molecules that interact with regulatory proteins and/or regulatory sequences.
4. Regulatory proteins inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and blocking transcription (negative control).
5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function.
6. Certain genes are continuously expressed; that is, they are always turned “on,” e.g., the ribosomal genes.
c. In eukaryotes, gene expression is complex and control involves regulatory genes, regulatory elements and transcription factors that act in concert.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
- Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and/or other regulatory proteins.
- Some of these transcription factors are activators (increase expression), while others are repressors (decrease expression).
- The combination of transcription factors binding to the regulatory regions at any one time determines how much, if any, of the gene product will be produced.
d. Gene regulation accounts for some of the phenotypic differences between organisms with similar genes.
Essential knowledge 3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression
a. Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division.
b. Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction.
• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. • Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. • HOX genes and their role in development.
• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division.
- Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression.
- Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene expression in bacteria
- Expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals
- Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen
- Seed germination and gibberellin.
b. Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction.
• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. • Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. • HOX genes and their role in development.
